Sejmik
A Sejmik (diminutive of the Polish "Sejm," or Parliament) was a regional sejm in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and earlier in the Kingdom of Poland. Sejmiks lasted until the end of the Commonwealth in 1795 after the partitions of Poland. In modern Poland, there are voivodeship sejmiks (Polish, singular: sejmik wojewódzki).
History
Sejmiks arose from the 1454 Nieszawa Statutes, granted to the szlachta by King Casimir IV Jagiellon. In the first third of the 15th century, general sejmiks were fist held, which gave rise in 1493 to the national Sejm.
In the 16th century, the leading force at sejmiks was the middle nobility; later this passed to the magnates (magnaci). Lithuanian Sejmiks in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were much more dominated by the magnates then the Crown (Poland proper) ones. Sejmiks attained a peak of importance at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, when they often set their own time-limits — that is, extended their authorized periods of operation. Such abuses were suppressed by acts of the one-day Silent Sejm (Polish: sejm niemy) of 1717.
Features
Sejmiks were held usually on a large, open field. There were three kinds of sejmik:
- General (Polish: generalny, Latin conventiones generales), held in western Poland (Greater Poland, Polish: Wielkopolska) at Koło, in southern Poland (Little Poland, Polish: Małopolska) at Nowe Miasto Korczyn, in Masovia (Polish: Mazowswze) at Warsaw, in Red Ruthenia at Sadowa Wisznia, and in Lithuania at Volkovysk. The General Sejmiks were composed of delegates elected at the provincial sejmiks. Their goal was to agree on a position for the Sejm Walny (General Sejm) and issue instructions for the deputies on how they were supposed to vote during the General Sejm.
- Provincial or Territorial (Polish: ziemski, latin conventiones particulares, conventiones terrestrae) (in every voivodeship). Their importance was highest in the 15th century, and has diminished with the formation of the General Sejm. Since then they had been relegated to dealing with local matters, and electing deputies for the General Sejms.
- County (powiat) (Polish: powiatowy).
They could meet for special purposes:
- Pre-sejm (Polish: przedsejmowe) sejmiks elected 1 to 6 deputies (poslowie) (depending on the size and importance of the given sejmik's territory) to the ordinary General Sejm (Polish: Sejm Walny) that was held every two years for six weeks, and to any extraordinary General Sejm that might be called at any time in an emergency, to sit for two weeks. Sometimes pre-sejm sejmiks were referred to as electoral. In some cases, a sejmik could be called for two voivodeships - in that case it could elect more than 6 deputies.
- Electoral (Polish: elekcyjne) sejmiks elected higher voivodeship officials.
- Relational (Polish: relacyjne) sejmiks heard the relations of deputies returned from the General Sejm, usually presenting the law (konstytucje sejmowe) decreed by the Sejm.
- Deputational (Polish: deputackie) sejmiks elected deputies (deputaci) to tribunals (Crown Tribunal and Lithuanian Tribunal) since the times of king Stefan Batory.
- Administrative (or economic, Polish: gospodarcze) sejmiks oversaw voivodeship self-government.
Sejmiks were called by the king or the governor (voivod) of the province (voivodeship). The King, or his representative, decreed the important matters that the sejmiks should debate in a letter, called a King Legation (Polish legacja królewska). All the nobility (szlachta) residing in a voivodeship were eligible to participate in sejmiks (and only the nobility from the given territory, this was confirmed by the nihil novi constitution); other estates sent only delegations with an advisory voice. Each sejmik elected a sejmik marshal ( marszalek sejmiku: presiding officer of the sejmik, similar to the marshal of the sejm at national Sejms). A sejmik could be disrupted with a liberum veto, which eventuality was guarded against by the formation (as at sejms) of a confederation, which obliged majority voting.
See also
- Confederated sejm
- Liberum veto
- May Constitution of Poland (adopted 3 May 1791)
- Voivodeships of Poland